In addition, TIP39 also affects the secretion of several hypothalamic hormones providing the basis for indirect behavioural actions. TIP39 probably exerts direct effect on the neuronal networks controlling these behaviours based on the localization of PTH2R and local TIP39 actions. It also influences thermoregulation and potentially auditory responses.

This peptide neuromodulator system has been extensively investigated over the past 20 years including its behavioural actions, such as its role in the control of nociception, fear and fear incubation, anxiety and depression‐like behaviours, and maternal and social behaviours.

The peptide is expressed in the brain by a small number of neurons with a highly restricted distribution, which in turn project to a large number of brain regions that contain PTH2R. Hence, it is also known as parathyroid hormone 2. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) acts via its endogenous class B G‐protein coupled receptorthe parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R).

Signal Messenger 6.27.1 free